Bahrain: environment

What is the climate like in Bahrain?

Bahrain's average annual temperature was 28.0°C in 2025, down from 28.5°C in 2024, and total rainfall was 29.6 mm, compared with 94.8 mm in 2024, according to the Meteorological Directorate. There were 3,684.1 hours of sunshine.

The figures come from the directorate's weather stations and are published on the Bahrain Open Data Portal. Rainfall varies a lot from year to year, so one year's total does not show a trend. Forecasts are published on the Bahrain Weather site.

Official sources: Bahrain Open Data: Annual meteorological values · Bahrain Weather

What are Bahrain's carbon dioxide emissions?

Bahrain emitted about 23.9 tonnes of carbon dioxide per person in 2024, excluding land use, down from 24.5 tonnes in 2023, according to the World Bank. Electricity consumption was 19,391.6 GWh in 2025, up from 19,009 GWh in 2024, according to the Electricity and Water Authority.

The World Bank figure is an estimate for carbon dioxide only, not all greenhouse gases. Electricity data cover consumption from the public grid and are published by sector on the Bahrain Open Data Portal.

Official sources: World Bank: CO2 emissions per capita, Bahrain · Bahrain Open Data: Electricity consumption

How clean is the air in Bahrain?

Annual average concentrations of coarse particles (PM10) at Bahrain's monitoring stations ranged from 117.7 micrograms per cubic metre at Awali to 179.4 at Bahrain Fort in 2025, according to Supreme Council for Environment air quality data on the Bahrain Open Data Portal. Nitrogen oxides ranged from 11.1 to 18.3.

The WHO guideline for annual average PM10 is 15 micrograms per cubic metre. The World Bank's modelled exposure to fine particles (PM2.5) was 56.6 micrograms in 2023.

Official sources: Bahrain Open Data Portal: air quality by year and station · World Bank: PM2.5 exposure, Bahrain

How much of Bahrain's waste is recycled?

Bahrain collected 1.48 million tonnes of municipal waste in 2025, of which 1.16 million tonnes (78.5%) went to landfill and 0.31 million tonnes (20.9%) were recycled, according to waste management data on the Bahrain Open Data Portal. Households produced 0.60 million tonnes and construction 0.32 million.

Organic material made up 40.3% of municipal waste and plastics 21.7%, according to the waste composition table. No waste was composted in 2025. The data report 100% of the population served by waste collection.

Official sources: Bahrain Open Data Portal: management of municipal waste · Bahrain Open Data Portal: composition of municipal waste

Where does Bahrain's water come from?

All of Bahrain's public drinking water came from desalination in 2025, with no groundwater used, according to Electricity and Water Authority water production data on the Bahrain Open Data Portal. Average daily water consumption was 164.3 million gallons in 2025, according to the consumption dataset.

Bahrain withdraws more fresh water than its renewable resources provide: water stress was 133.7% of available freshwater in 2022, according to FAO data published by the World Bank.

Official sources: Bahrain Open Data Portal: water production · Bahrain Open Data Portal: average daily water consumption · World Bank: level of water stress, Bahrain

What are Bahrain's CO2 emissions per person?

The European Commission's EDGAR database puts carbon dioxide emissions per person in Bahrain at 23.9 tonnes in 2024. Its high point since 2005 was 2006, at 26.5 tonnes; its low point was 2017, at 22.5 tonnes. Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan & Pakistan median: 3.6 tonnes; Bahrain is 2nd highest of 22. Worldwide: 3rd of 186.

How much greenhouse gas does Bahrain emit?

The European Commission's EDGAR database puts total greenhouse gas emissions in Bahrain at 64.4 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent in 2024. Since 2005 it has ranged from 41.2 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent (2005) to 64.9 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent (2022). Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan & Pakistan median: 103 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent; Bahrain is 14th highest of 22. Of 186 countries with 2024 data, 67th highest.

How much renewable energy does Bahrain use?

According to the IEA, IRENA, the UN Statistics Division, the World Bank and the WHO, the renewable share of final energy use in Bahrain was 0.0% in 2021. The figure has been the same every year since 2005. Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan & Pakistan median: 3.4%; Bahrain is 21st highest of 22. Worldwide: 189th of 191.

What is Bahrain's forest cover?

In 2024, forest area as a share of land in Bahrain was 4.9%, according to the FAO. That is the highest since at least 2005. Across Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan & Pakistan the middle value was 1.6%, and Bahrain placed 5th highest of 22. World rank, highest first: 165th of 190.

What is air pollution like in Bahrain?

The Global Burden of Disease study puts average exposure to fine particle air pollution (PM2.5) in Bahrain at 56.6 micrograms per cubic metre in 2023. The peak was 67.9 micrograms per cubic metre in 2005 and the low 49.9 micrograms per cubic metre in 2014. Across Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan & Pakistan the middle value was 40.3 micrograms per cubic metre, and Bahrain placed 6th highest of 22. Worldwide: 9th of 192.

What share of Bahrain is protected land?

The UN Environment Programme puts the share of land in protected areas in Bahrain at 11.7% in 2025. Since 2013 it has ranged from 6.6% (2015) to 17.8% (2013). Across Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan & Pakistan the middle value was 9.8%, and Bahrain placed 11th highest of 22. Of 192 countries with 2025 data, 138th highest.

Is Bahrain short of water?

The FAO puts water stress in Bahrain at 133.7% in 2022. That is the lowest since at least 2005. Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan & Pakistan median: 116.7%; Bahrain is 9th highest of 21. Worldwide: 10th of 175.